Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY)

An all-digital pulse width modulated (PWM) transmitter using outphasing is proposed. The transmitter uses PWM to encode the amplitude, and outphasing for enhanced phase control. In this way, the phase resolution of the transmitter is doubled. The proposed scheme was implemented using Stratix IV FGPA and class-D PAs fabricated in a 130 nm standard CMOS. From the measurement results, a spectral performance improvement is observed due to the enhanced phase resolution. As compared to an all-digital polar PWM transmitter, the error vector magnitude for proposed transmitter is reduced by 4.1% and the adjacent channel leakage ratio shows an improvement of 5.6 dB for a 1.4 MHz LTE up-link signal for a carrier frequency of 700 MHz at the saturated output power of 25 dBm.

This paper presents a novel pulse-width modulation (PWM) transmitter architecture that compensates for aliasing distortion by combining PWM and outphasing. The proposed transmitter can use either switch-mode PAs (SMPAs) or linear PAs at peak power, ensuring maximum efficiency. The transmitter shows better linearity, improved spectral performance and increased dynamic range compared to other polar PWM transmitters as it does not suffer from AM-AM distortion of the PAs and aliasing distortion due to digital PWM. Measurement results show that the proposed architecture achieves an improvement of 8 dB and 4 dB in the dynamic range compared to the digital polar PWM transmitter (PPWMT) and the aliasing-free PWM transmitter (AF-PWMT), respectively. The proposed architecture also shows better efficiency compared to the AF-PWMT.

This paper presents two novel transmitter architectures based on the combination of radio-frequency pulse-width modulation and multiphase pulse-width modulation. The proposed transmitter architectures provide good amplitude resolution and large dynamic range at high carrier frequency, which is problematic with existing radio-frequency pulse-width modulation based transmitters. They also have better power efficiency and smaller chip area compared to multiphase pulse-width modulation based transmitters.

The market for wireless portable devices has grown signicantly over the recent years.Wireless devices with ever-increased functionality require high rate data transmissionand reduced costs. High data rate is achieved through communication standards such asLTE and WLAN, which generate signals with high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR),hence requiring a power amplier (PA) that can handle a large dynamic range signal. Tokeep the costs low, modern CMOS processes allow the integration of the digital, analogand radio functions on to a single chip. However, the design of PAs with large dynamicrange and high eciency is challenging due to the low voltage headroom.

To prolong the battery life, the PAs have to be power-ecient as they consume a sizablepercentage of the total power. For LTE and WLAN, traditional transmitters operatethe PA at back-o power, below their peak efficiency, whereas pulse-width modulation(PWM) transmitters use the PA at their peak power, resulting in a higher efficiency.PWM transmitters can use both linear and SMPAs where the latter are more power efficient and easy to implement in nanometer CMOS. The PWM transmitters have a higher efficiency but suffer from image and aliasing distortion, resulting in a lower dynamic range,amplitude and phase resolution.

This thesis studies several new transmitter architectures to improve the dynamicrange, amplitude and phase resolution of PWM transmitters with relaxed filtering requirements.The architectures are suited for fully integrated CMOS solutions, in particular forportable applications.

The first transmitter (MAF-PWMT) eliminates aliasing and image distortions whileallowing the use of SMPAs by combining RF-PWM and band-limited PWM. The transmittercan be implemented using all-digital techniques and exhibits an improved linearity and spectral performance. The approach is validated using a Class-D PA based transmitter where an improvement of 10.2 dB in the dynamic range compared to a PWM transmitter for a 1.4 MHz of LTE signal is achieved.

The second transmitter (AC-PWMT) compensates for aliasing distortion by combining PWM and outphasing. It can be used with switch-mode PAs (SMPAs) or linear PAs at peak power. The proposed transmitter shows better linearity, improved spectral performanceand increased dynamic range as it does not suffer from AM-AM distortion of the PAs and aliasing distortion due to digital PWM. The idea is validated using push-pull PAs and the proposed transmitter shows an improvement of 9 dB in the dynamic rangeas compared to a PWM transmitter using digital pulse-width modulation for a 1.4 MHzLTE signal.

The third transmitter (MD-PWMT) is an all-digital implementation of the second transmitter. The PWM is implemented using a Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) core, and outphasing is implemented as pulse-position modulation using FPGA transceivers, which drive two class-D PAs. The digital implementation offers the exibility to adapt the transmitter for multi-standard and multi-band signals. From the measurement results, an improvement of 5 dB in the dynamic range is observed as compared to an all-digital PWM transmitter for a 1.4 MHz LTE signal.

The fourth transmitter (EP-PWMT) improves the phase linearity of an all-digital PWM transmitter using PWM and asymmetric outphasing. The transmitter uses PWM to encode the amplitude, and outphasing for enhanced phase control thus doubling the phase resolution. The measurement setup uses Class-D PAs to amplify a 1.4 MHz LTEup-link signal. An improvement of 2.8 dB in the adjacent channel leakage ratio is observed whereas the EVM is reduced by 3.3 % as compared to an all-digital PWM transmitter.

The fifth transmitter (CRF-ML-PWMT) combines multilevel and RF-PWM, whereas the sixth transmitter (CRF-MP-PMWT) combines multiphase PWM and RF-PWM. Both transmitters have smaller chip area as compared to the conventional multiphase and multilevel PWM transmitters, as a combiner is not required. The proposed transmitters also show better dynamic range and improved amplitude resolution as compared to conventional RF-PWM transmitters.

The solutions presented in this thesis aims to enhance the performance and simplify the digital implementation of PWM-based RF transmitters.